Reconstructing a three-dimensional object or environment from multiple photographs is a central problem in computer vision. The resulting models support applications such as robotics, augmented and virtual reality, digital twins, and cultural heritage preservation. An effective reconstruction system must represent both the visual appearance of a scene and the geometry of its surfaces. Achieving these goals simultaneously, however, remains challenging.Reconstructing a three-dimensional object or environment from multiple photographs is a central problem in computer vision. The resulting models support applications such as robotics, augmented and virtual reality, digital twins, and cultural heritage preservation. An effective reconstruction system must represent both the visual appearance of a scene and the geometry of its surfaces. Achieving these goals simultaneously, however, remains challenging.Computer Sciences[#item_full_content]