With millions of self-driving cars projected to be on the road in 2025 and autonomous drones generating billions in annual sales, safety and reliability are important considerations for consumers, manufacturers, and regulators. But solutions for protecting autonomous machine hardware and software from malfunctions, attacks, and other failures also increase costs. Those costs arise from performance features, energy consumption, weight, and the use of semiconductor chips.With millions of self-driving cars projected to be on the road in 2025 and autonomous drones generating billions in annual sales, safety and reliability are important considerations for consumers, manufacturers, and regulators. But solutions for protecting autonomous machine hardware and software from malfunctions, attacks, and other failures also increase costs. Those costs arise from performance features, energy consumption, weight, and the use of semiconductor chips.Automotive[#item_full_content]