The state space explosion problem means that the state space of Petri nets (PNs) grows exponentially with PNs’ size. Even the fundamental reachability problem is still an NP-Hard problem in general. It has been proved that the equivalence problem for the reachability set of arbitrary PNs is undecidable except for some subclass of PNs. That is, the reachability problem of arbitrary PNs cannot be solved exactly. Nowadays, there is no efficient and accurate algorithm to solve the problem.The state space explosion problem means that the state space of Petri nets (PNs) grows exponentially with PNs’ size. Even the fundamental reachability problem is still an NP-Hard problem in general. It has been proved that the equivalence problem for the reachability set of arbitrary PNs is undecidable except for some subclass of PNs. That is, the reachability problem of arbitrary PNs cannot be solved exactly. Nowadays, there is no efficient and accurate algorithm to solve the problem.[#item_full_content]

As artificial intelligence (AI) reaches the peak of its popularity, researchers have warned the industry might be running out of training data—the fuel that runs powerful AI systems. This could slow down the growth of AI models, especially large language models, and may even alter the trajectory of the AI revolution.As artificial intelligence (AI) reaches the peak of its popularity, researchers have warned the industry might be running out of training data—the fuel that runs powerful AI systems. This could slow down the growth of AI models, especially large language models, and may even alter the trajectory of the AI revolution.[#item_full_content]

“Othello is now solved.” With that summation, a researcher at a Japanese computer company confirmed yet another milestone in supercomputing achievement.”Othello is now solved.” With that summation, a researcher at a Japanese computer company confirmed yet another milestone in supercomputing achievement.[#item_full_content]

In an era of heightened concern in academia regarding AI-generated essays, there is reassuring news from the University of Kansas.In an era of heightened concern in academia regarding AI-generated essays, there is reassuring news from the University of Kansas.[#item_full_content]

Just a few months ago, many people would have found it unimaginable how well artificial intelligence-based “language models” could imitate human speech. What ChatGPT writes is often indistinguishable from human-generated text.Just a few months ago, many people would have found it unimaginable how well artificial intelligence-based “language models” could imitate human speech. What ChatGPT writes is often indistinguishable from human-generated text.[#item_full_content]

They never cross our minds until they become damaged and then they’re a huge problem: our sewers. Their maintenance could be much faster and more accurate, Ph.D. candidate Dirk Meijer has discovered. Algorithms are also proving to be a godsend deep underground.They never cross our minds until they become damaged and then they’re a huge problem: our sewers. Their maintenance could be much faster and more accurate, Ph.D. candidate Dirk Meijer has discovered. Algorithms are also proving to be a godsend deep underground.[#item_full_content]

One question has relentlessly followed ChatGPT in its trajectory to superstar status in the field of artificial intelligence: Has it met the Turing test of generating output indistinguishable from human response?One question has relentlessly followed ChatGPT in its trajectory to superstar status in the field of artificial intelligence: Has it met the Turing test of generating output indistinguishable from human response?[#item_full_content]

When presented with a problem, your brain has two ways to proceed: quickly and intuitively or slowly and methodically. These two types of processing are known as System 1 and System 2, or as the Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman memorably described them, “fast” and “slow” thinking.When presented with a problem, your brain has two ways to proceed: quickly and intuitively or slowly and methodically. These two types of processing are known as System 1 and System 2, or as the Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman memorably described them, “fast” and “slow” thinking.[#item_full_content]

Crowdsourcing provides an effective and low-cost way to collect labels from crowd workers. Due to the lack of professional knowledge, the quality of crowdsourced labels is relatively low. A common approach to addressing this issue is to collect multiple labels for each instance from different crowd workers and then a label integration method is used to infer its true label. However, almost all existing label integration methods merely make use of the original attribute information and do not pay attention to the quality of the multiple noisy label set of each instance.Crowdsourcing provides an effective and low-cost way to collect labels from crowd workers. Due to the lack of professional knowledge, the quality of crowdsourced labels is relatively low. A common approach to addressing this issue is to collect multiple labels for each instance from different crowd workers and then a label integration method is used to infer its true label. However, almost all existing label integration methods merely make use of the original attribute information and do not pay attention to the quality of the multiple noisy label set of each instance.[#item_full_content]

To make our way through the world, our brain must develop an intuitive understanding of the physical world around us, which we then use to interpret sensory information coming into the brain.To make our way through the world, our brain must develop an intuitive understanding of the physical world around us, which we then use to interpret sensory information coming into the brain.[#item_full_content]