Over the past decades, computer scientists have introduced increasingly sophisticated machine learning-based models, which can perform remarkably well on various tasks. These include multimodal large language models (MLLMs), systems that can process and generate different types of data, predominantly texts, images and videos.Over the past decades, computer scientists have introduced increasingly sophisticated machine learning-based models, which can perform remarkably well on various tasks. These include multimodal large language models (MLLMs), systems that can process and generate different types of data, predominantly texts, images and videos.[#item_full_content]

Large visual collections, such as paintings, photographs, drawings, and other forms of visual media, offer valuable insights into historical events, social life, and artistic expression. These collections are key to understanding how societies produce and use images to shape cultural meaning over time. Yet they remain difficult to study due to their sheer size, often consisting of hundreds of thousands of items, and their intrinsic complexity, including diverse visual features, contents, contexts, and metadata structures.Large visual collections, such as paintings, photographs, drawings, and other forms of visual media, offer valuable insights into historical events, social life, and artistic expression. These collections are key to understanding how societies produce and use images to shape cultural meaning over time. Yet they remain difficult to study due to their sheer size, often consisting of hundreds of thousands of items, and their intrinsic complexity, including diverse visual features, contents, contexts, and metadata structures.[#item_full_content]