When the FORTRAN programming language debuted in 1957, it transformed how scientists and engineers programmed computers. Complex calculations could suddenly be expressed in concise, math-like notation using arrays—collections of values that make it easier to describe operations on data. That simple idea evolved into today’s “tensors,” which power many of the world’s most advanced AI and scientific computing systems through modern frameworks like NumPy and PyTorch.When the FORTRAN programming language debuted in 1957, it transformed how scientists and engineers programmed computers. Complex calculations could suddenly be expressed in concise, math-like notation using arrays—collections of values that make it easier to describe operations on data. That simple idea evolved into today’s “tensors,” which power many of the world’s most advanced AI and scientific computing systems through modern frameworks like NumPy and PyTorch.[#item_full_content]