Getting to the heart of causality is central to understanding the world around us. What causes one variable—be it a biological species, a voting region, a company stock, or a local climate—to shift from one state to another can inform how we might shape that variable in the future.Getting to the heart of causality is central to understanding the world around us. What causes one variable—be it a biological species, a voting region, a company stock, or a local climate—to shift from one state to another can inform how we might shape that variable in the future.[#item_full_content]