Large language models (LLMs), the artificial intelligence (AI) systems supporting the functioning of ChatGPT, Gemini and similar conversational platforms, are often expected to answer queries, generate texts for specific purposes and make decisions without the supervision of human experts. Yet past studies suggest that these models can sometimes mislead users, producing unreliable answers that express high confidence in false or inaccurate statements.Large language models (LLMs), the artificial intelligence (AI) systems supporting the functioning of ChatGPT, Gemini and similar conversational platforms, are often expected to answer queries, generate texts for specific purposes and make decisions without the supervision of human experts. Yet past studies suggest that these models can sometimes mislead users, producing unreliable answers that express high confidence in false or inaccurate statements.[#item_full_content]